1. A researcher wanted to determine whether eating Pop-Tarts for breakfast increased the aggression of second graders during their morning play period. After feeding a group of 20 students Pop-Tarts for breakfast she observed that, on average, the students committed 4.5 aggressive behaviors during their morning play period. In this example, the sample is:
2. A researcher was interested in the effects of gender on attitudes toward women in leadership positions. The researcher surveyed a group of individuals, 12 of whom were men and 12 of whom were women. In this example, what is the dependent variable?
3. Unnithan, Houser, and Fernhall (2006) were interested in whether playing the game Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) met the American College of Sports Medicine recommendations for exercise to improve cardiovascular health. Twenty-two adolescents, 10 of whom were classified as overweight and 12 of whom were not overweight, played DDR for 12 minutes. During the 12 minutes, the researchers measured each participant's heart rate. On average, the researchers found no difference between the heart rates of the two groups. Both groups' heart rates were above the minimum recommended for cardiovascular exercise. What is the sample in this study?
4. A variable that meets the criteria for an interval or a ratio variable is called a:
5. A correlation measures the relationship among ________ or more variables
6. How do histograms differ from bar graphs?
7. A researcher wants to exaggerate the differences between levels of the independent variable on a bar graph. In other words, she wants some bars to look much taller than others. One way she could do this would be to:
8. The bars representing data touch each other in a:
9. This histogram represents the distribution of the number of years of education completed by twins who attended the 16th Annual Twins Day Festival in Twinsburg, Ohio, in August of 1991.
10. If you were to graph the frequencies of one scale variable, you would use a:
11. Scatterplots are often used to assess what type of pattern the data create. For example, when the data form a pattern that flows upward and toward the right, this is considered to be a(n):
12. A normal distribution is referred to as:
13. This figure depicts the typical relation found between a person's age (in years) and his or her reaction time in a simple reaction time task (e.g., time to press a button when a light turns green).
14. This figure depicts gas prices for the month of August from 1976 to 2004. (Data were extracted from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Web site.)
15. This figure depicts the results of a study by Ahluwalia et al. (2006) investigating the effects of two types of gum (placebo or nicotine) and two types of counseling (educational or motivational) in helping people to stop smoking.
16. This figure depicts the typical relation found between a person's age (in years) and his or her reaction time in a simple reaction time task (e.g., time to press a button when a light turns green).
17. A researcher wanted to determine whether eating Pop-Tarts for breakfast increased the aggression of second graders during their morning play period. After feeding a group of 20 students Pop-Tarts for breakfast she observed that, on average, the students committed 4.5 aggressive behaviors during their morning play period. In this example, the descriptive statistic is:
18. Which of the following is a raw score for height?
19. This table represents the fictional scores of a set of participants who rated their happiness on a scale from 1 to 7, with 1 indicating very unhappy and 7 indicating very happy.
20. A New York Times article published on April 24, 2007, reported the research of Dr. Vallortigara, a neuroscientist at the University of Trieste, Italy. In this study, Dr. Vallortigara assessed whether a dog's tail wags in a preferred direction in response to positive as opposed to negative stimuli. First Dr. Vallortigara recruited 30 dogs that were family pets. While filming a dog's tail from above, he allowed the dog to view (through a slot in its cage) its owner, an unfamiliar human, a cat, and an unfamiliar, dominant dog. The study found that dogs' tails wagged to the right for the owner and to the left for the unfamiliar, dominant dog. What type of research design did Dr. Vallortigara employ?
21. Emily is a student at a large university. When visiting professors during their office hours, she has noticed that many have refrigerators in their offices. She decides to survey 80 faculty and count the number of refrigerators they have in total. What type of observations is she making?
22. Unnithan, Houser, and Fernhall (2006) were interested in whether playing the game Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) met the American College of Sports Medicine recommendations for exercise to improve cardiovascular health. Twenty-two adolescents, 10 of whom were classified as overweight and 12 of whom were not overweight, played DDR for 12 minutes. During the 12 minutes, the researchers measured each participant's heart rate. On average, the researchers found no difference between the heart rates of the two groups. Both groups' heart rates were above the minimum recommended for cardiovascular exercise. Which of the following requires an inferential statistic?
23. Which of the following accurately describes the axes of a histogram?
24. A normal distribution is also known as a(n) ________ distribution.
25. A type of line graph used to depict changes in a dependent variable over time is a:
26. When a scatterplot shows a jumble of random dots, it is likely that there is:
27. This table represents the fictional scores of a set of participants who rated their level of depression on a scale from 0 to 10, with 0 indicating no feelings of depression and 10 indicating very depressed.
28. A grouped frequency table is most useful when the:
29. The United States Department of Homeland Security Threat Advisory System measures threat as severe, high, elevated, guarded, or low. In this system, threat is a ________ variable.
30. The ________ allows researchers to make predictions from a person's value on one variable to a person's value on another variable
31. What is the correct method for calculating a percentage?
32. What is the difference between a bar graph and a Pareto chart?
33. Which of the following items is not a variable?
34. The difference between an interval and a ratio variable is that:
35. What kind of phenomenon often contributes to positive skew?
36. When a test produces consistent results, it is said to be:
37. This histogram represents the frequency of graduation rates for all U.S. colleges (data collected by U.S. News & World Report, 1995).
38. An inferential statistic is generally defined as:
39. This table represents the fictional scores of a set of participants who rated their level of depression on a scale from 0 to 10, with 0 indicating no feelings of depression and 10 indicating very depressed.
40. This table shows tests scores for a cumulative final exam in a general education, social science course, such as introduction to psychology
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